Oncoprotein-Growth Factors

Growth factors play a pivotal role in the progression of cancer, acting as critical signaling molecules that regulate a variety of cellular processes, including proliferation, differentiation, and survival. These proteins bind to specific receptors on the surface of cells, triggering intracellular signaling pathways that influence the cell's fate and behavior. In the context of cancer, the dysregulation of growth factors and their receptors is a key event that can lead to the development and progression of tumors. Abnormal expression or activity of growth factors can promote oncogenesis by stimulating continuous cell growth, inhibiting apoptosis (programmed cell death), and facilitating the angiogenesis process, which provides the tumor with the necessary blood supply for its growth and metastasis. Moreover, growth factors contribute to the creation of a microenvironment that supports tumor survival and expansion, by modulating the immune system response and interacting with the extracellular matrix. The complexity of growth factor signaling pathways, their crosstalk with other signaling networks, and their ability to influence multiple aspects of cancer biology make them a focal point of research, with the aim of developing targeted therapies that can interrupt these pathways and halt cancer progression.

Figure 1 The stepwise progression of cancer and roles for growth factors. (Witsch, 2020)

Representative Growth Factors

FGF3

Fibroblast growth factor 3 (FGF3), a member of the fibroblast growth factor family, plays a pivotal role in the development and repair processes within the human body. This protein, encoded by the FGF3 gene, is instrumental in the regulation of cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, and migration. FGF3 exerts its influence by binding to FGFR (fibroblast growth factor receptors) with the aid of heparan sulfate proteoglycans, initiating a cascade of downstream signaling pathways that are crucial for embryonic development. In particular, FGF3 is essential for the proper development of the inner ear and brain, as well as limb and craniofacial tissues, showcasing its broad impact on morphogenesis and organogenesis. Beyond its developmental roles, FGF3 has been implicated in several pathological conditions, including cancer. Aberrant expression or mutations in the FGF3 gene are associated with tumorigenesis in various tissues, indicating its potential as a therapeutic target. Despite its crucial functions in normal development and disease, the precise mechanisms by which FGF3 regulates cellular processes remain a subject of ongoing research, underscoring the complexity and significance of this growth factor in human biology.

FGF4

Fibroblast growth factor 4 (FGF4) is a vital protein within the expansive fibroblast growth factor family, which carries significant responsibilities in both embryonic development and adult physiological processes. This key signaling molecule, encoded by the FGF4 gene, is instrumental in modulating cell proliferation, differentiation, and migration, underscoring its essential role in the embryonic stages, particularly in limb bud formation and angiogenesis. FGF4's influence extends to the maintenance of stem cell pluripotency, showcasing its critical function in stem cell biology and potential applications in regenerative medicine. In the realm of disease, FGF4 has been linked to various cancers, acting as a potential oncogene that can drive tumor growth and metastasis through its involvement in signaling pathways that regulate cell growth and survival. Its interactions with FGF receptors activate a network of downstream signaling cascades, leading to significant biological outcomes that affect tissue development and repair.

PDGB

Platelet-derived growth factor B (PDGFB) is a critical protein involved in various biological processes, including cell growth, proliferation, and angiogenesis. It belongs to the platelet-derived growth factor family, which plays a pivotal role in embryonic development, wound healing, and the pathogenesis of certain diseases. PDGF-B is primarily recognized for its capacity to stimulate the formation of blood vessels by promoting the division and migration of smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts. This function is essential not only for normal developmental processes but also for the repair mechanisms in response to tissue injury. Moreover, PDGFB's involvement extends to acting as a potent mitogen for various cell types throughout the body. Its significance is underscored in both physiological conditions, such as during the development of the cardiovascular system, and pathological states, including cancer, where it can influence tumor growth and metastasis by enhancing angiogenesis.

Full List of Growth Factors

For research use only. Not intended for any clinical use.