CAR-T Cell Therapy Targets
Representative Targets Full List of Targets Tested Data-Supported Products
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy stands out from traditional cancer treatments, such as nonspecific drugs and monoclonal antibodies, by employing the immune system's T cells to directly recognize and eliminate tumor cells. CAR-T cell therapy involves isolating T cells from a patient, genetically modifying them to express CARs that target tumor-associated antigens, and then reinfusing these engineered T cells back into the patient. These CAR-T cells are then able to specifically bind to antigens present on the surface of tumor cells and induce their destruction. This therapy has achieved significant success, particularly in the treatment of various blood cancers, by targeting specific antigens like CD19 and B-cell maturation antigens (BCMA), leading to its approval by regulatory bodies like the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for certain leukemia and lymphomas.
Figure 1 Structural and Functional Basis of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR).
Representative Targets for CAR-T Cell Therapy
CD19
CD19 is a transmembrane protein that plays a crucial role in the immune system, particularly in the development, function, and regulation of B cells. It is expressed on the surface of B cells from early stages of development until their maturation into plasma cells, but it is not present on stem cells or other non-lymphoid cells. This makes CD19 an excellent target for immunotherapy, especially in B cell malignancies such as acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Several CD19-targeted CAR-T cell therapies have received FDA approval: Kymriah (tisagenlecleucel) was the first CAR-T cell therapy approved by the FDA in 2017 for the treatment of patients up to 25 years old with B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) that is refractory or in second or later relapse. It is also approved for adult patients with relapsed or refractory large B-cell lymphoma after two or more lines of systemic therapy; Yescarta (axicabtagene ciloleucel) has been approved for adult patients with certain types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) who have relapsed or are refractory after two or more lines of systemic therapy; Breyanzi (lisocabtagene maraleucel) has been approved for the treatment of adult patients with relapsed or refractory large B-cell lymphoma after two or more lines of systemic therapy, including diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) not otherwise specified, primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma, high-grade B-cell lymphoma, and DLBCL arising from follicular lymphoma; Tecartus (brexucabtagene autoleucel) has been approved for the treatment of adult patients with relapsed or refractory mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Recommended Mouse Anti-CD19 mAb (CAT#: TAB-1620CL-S(P))
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Figure 2 ELISA analysis of TAB-1620CL-S(P) was performed by coating with CD19 Protein, Human, Recombinant (ECD, His Tag). TAB-1620CL-S(P)-Biotin incubation concentration: 2ng/μL. The secondary antibody: SA-HRP.
Recommended Human Anti-CD19 mAb (CAT#: HPAB-0268-CN)
Figure 3 The purity of HPAB-0268-CN was greater than 95% as determined by SEC-HPLC. Column: 3 µm, 7.8x300 nm. Mobile phase: 150 mM Sodium Phosphate Buffer, pH 7.3. Detection: UV280 nm. Injection: 10 µl.
Recommended Mouse Anti-CD22 mAb (CAT#: FAMAB-0046YC)
Figure 4 Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human normal lymph nodes, using CD19 monoclonal antibody to show cytoplasmic localization by DAB staining.
BCMA
BCMA is a member of the TNF receptor superfamily and interacts with two known ligands, APRIL (a proliferation-inducing ligand) and BAFF (B-cell activating factor), which promote B-cell survival and proliferation. The expression of BCMA increases as B cells mature, with the highest levels observed on plasma cells, the end stage of B-cell differentiation. In the context of cancer, especially multiple myeloma, BCMA aids in the survival and growth of malignant plasma cells. Therefore, targeting BCMA presents a promising approach for treating B-cell malignancies. Abecma (idecabtagene vicleucel) was the first BCMA-directed CAR-T cell therapy approved by the FDA for the treatment of relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma in adults who have received at least four prior lines of therapy. Carvykti (ciltacabtagene autoleucel) is another BCMA-targeted CAR-T cell therapy approved for the treatment of adults with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma after four or more prior lines of therapy.
CD22
CD22 is a sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin (Siglec) primarily expressed on the surface of mature B cells and to a lesser degree on some early B-cell precursors. Functioning as an inhibitory receptor, CD22 regulates B-cell activation and signal transduction, playing a pivotal role in maintaining immune homeostasis and preventing overactivation of the immune system. This receptor's expression pattern makes it an attractive target for therapeutic interventions in B-cell malignancies, such as certain types of leukemia and lymphoma. In the context of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy, CD22 has emerged as a promising target alongside the more widely recognized CD19. CAR-T cell therapies that target CD22 have shown considerable efficacy in patients who have relapsed or are refractory to CD19-targeted therapies, highlighting its importance as an alternative or complementary antigen target in the treatment of hematologic cancers. By engineering T cells to recognize and kill CD22-expressing B cells, researchers are expanding the arsenal against B-cell malignancies, offering new hope to patients with challenging-to-treat or relapsed diseases, thereby underscoring the significance of CD22 in advancing CAR-T cell therapeutic strategies.
Recommended Human Anti-CD22 mAb (CAT#: TAB-899)
Figure 5 Flow cytometry analysis of Daudi cells with anti-CD22 antibody (Cat#TAB-899, Blue line) or isotype control antibody (Yellow line). A Goat Anti-human IgG (FITC) was used as the secondary antibody.
Recommended Mouse Anti-CD22 mAb (CAT#: TAB-176)
Figure 6 Flow cytometry analysis of Daudi cells with Anti-CD20 Antibody (Cat#TAB-016, Blue line) or isotype control antibody (Yellow line). A Goat Anti-human IgG (FITC) was used as the secondary antibody.
Recommended Mouse Anti-CD22 mAb (CAT#: FAMAB-0046YC)
Figure 7 The purity of FAMAB-0046YC was greater than 95% as determined by SEC-HPLC.
CD20
CD20 is a cell surface protein primarily expressed on B cells, playing a crucial role in B-cell development and differentiation. As a member of the MS4A gene family, CD20 is involved in the regulation of intracellular calcium levels, which is essential for the activation and proliferation of B cells. Its expression from pre-B cells to mature B cells, but not on stem cells or plasma cells, makes it an ideal target for therapeutic interventions in B-cell malignancies. In the context of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy, CD20 has been exploited as a target antigen to direct CAR-T cells against CD20-expressing B-cell lymphomas and leukemias. CD20-targeted CAR-T cell therapy has shown promising results in treating certain types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia, offering a potent and targeted immunotherapy option for patients who are refractory to conventional treatments.
Recommended Mouse Anti-CD20 mAb (CAT#: TAB-016)
Figure 8 Flow cytometry analysis of Daudi cells with Anti-CD20 Antibody (Cat#TAB-016, Blue line) or isotype control antibody (Yellow line). A Goat Anti-human IgG (FITC) was used as the secondary antibody.
Full List of Targets for CAR-T Cell Therapy
| Biomarker | Alternative Names | Gene ID | UniProt ID | Roles |
| BCMA | TNFRSF17 | 608 | Q02223 | The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the TNF-receptor superfamily. This receptor is preferentially expressed in mature B lymphocytes, and may be important for B cell development and autoimmune response. This receptor has been shown to specifically bind to the tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily, member 13b (TNFSF13B/TALL-1/BAFF), and to lead to NF-kappaB and MAPK8/JNK activation. This receptor also binds to various TRAF family members, and thus may transduce signals for cell survival and proliferation. |
| CA9 | CAIX; MN | 768 | Q16790 | Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are a large family of zinc metalloenzymes that catalyze the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide. They participate in a variety of biological processes, including respiration, calcification, acid-base balance, bone resorption, and the formation of aqueous humor, cerebrospinal fluid, saliva, and gastric acid. They show extensive diversity in tissue distribution and in their subcellular localization. CA IX is a transmembrane protein and is one of only two tumor-associated carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes known. It is expressed in all clear-cell renal cell carcinoma, but is not detected in normal kidney or most other normal tissues. It may be involved in cell proliferation and transformation. This gene was mapped to 17q21.2 by fluorescence in situ hybridization, however, radiation hybrid mapping localized it to 9p13-p12. |
| CD133 | PROM1; RP41; AC133; CD133; MCDR2; STGD4; CORD12; PROML1; MSTP061 | 8842 | O43490 | This gene encodes a pentaspan transmembrane glycoprotein. The protein localizes to membrane protrusions and is often expressed on adult stem cells, where it is thought to function in maintaining stem cell properties by suppressing differentiation. Mutations in this gene have been shown to result in retinitis pigmentosa and Stargardt disease. Expression of this gene is also associated with several types of cancer. This gene is expressed from at least five alternative promoters that are expressed in a tissue-dependent manner. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. |
| CD19 | CD19; B4; CVID3; MGC12802 | 930 | P15391 | Lymphocytes proliferate and differentiate in response to various concentrations of different antigens. The ability of the B cell to respond in a specific, yet sensitive manner to the various antigens is achieved with the use of low-affinity antigen receptors. This gene encodes a cell surface molecule which assembles with the antigen receptor of B lymphocytes in order to decrease the threshold for antigen receptor-dependent stimulation. |
| CD20 | B1; S7; Bp35; CD20; CVID5; MS4A2; LEU-16 | 931 | P11836 | This gene encodes a member of the membrane-spanning 4A gene family. Members of this nascent protein family are characterized by common structural features and similar intron/exon splice boundaries and display unique expression patterns among hematopoietic cells and nonlymphoid tissues. This gene encodes a B-lymphocyte surface molecule which plays a role in the development and differentiation of B-cells into plasma cells. This family member is localized to 11q12, among a cluster of family members. Alternative splicing of this gene results in two transcript variants which encode the same protein. |
| CD22 | SIGLEC2; SIGLEC-2 | 933 | P20273 | Predicted to enable CD4 receptor binding activity; protein phosphatase binding activity; and sialic acid binding activity. Involved in B cell activation; negative regulation of B cell receptor signaling pathway; and regulation of endocytosis. Located in early endosome and recycling endosome. |
| CD30 | TNFRSF8; CD30; D1S166E; Ki-1 | 944 | Q60846 | The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the TNF-receptor superfamily. This receptor is expressed by activated, but not by resting, T and B cells. TRAF2 and TRAF5 can interact with this receptor, and mediate the signal transduction that leads to the activation of NF-kappaB. This receptor is a positive regulator of apoptosis, and also has been shown to limit the proliferative potential of autoreactive CD8 effector T cells and protect the body against autoimmunity. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene encoding distinct isoforms have been reported. |
| CD33 | CD33; SIGLEC3; gp67 | 945 | P20138 | Sialic-acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectin (Siglec) that plays a role in mediating cell-cell interactions and in maintaining immune cells in a resting state. Preferentially recognizes and binds alpha-2,3- and more avidly alpha-2,6-linked sialic acid-bearing glycans. Upon engagement of ligands such as C1q or syalylated glycoproteins, two immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIMs) located in CD33 cytoplasmic tail are phosphorylated by Src-like kinases such as LCK. These phosphorylations provide docking sites for the recruitment and activation of protein-tyrosine phosphatases PTPN6/SHP-1 and PTPN11/SHP-2. In turn, these phosphatases regulate downstream pathways through dephosphorylation of signaling molecules. One of the repressive effect of CD33 on monocyte activation requires phosphoinositide 3-kinase/PI3K. |
| CD38 | T10; cADPr hydrolase 1 | 952 | P28907 | CD antigen CD38 is also known as ADP-ribosyl cyclase 1, which belongs to the ADP-ribosyl cyclase family. CD38 is expressed at high levels in pancreas, liver, kidney, brain, testis, ovary, placenta, malignant lymphoma and neuroblastoma. CD38 is a multifunctional ectoenzyme that catalyzes the synthesis and hydrolysis of cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) from NAD+ to ADP-ribose. These reaction products are essential for the regulation of intracellular Ca2+. The loss of CD38 function is associated with impaired immune responses, metabolic disturbances, and behavioral modifications. The CD38 protein is a marker of cell activation. It has been connected to HIV infection, leukemias, myelomas, solid tumors, type II diabetes mellitus and bone metabolism. CD38 has been used as a prognostic marker in leukemia. |
| CD5 | CD5; LEU1 | 921 | P06127 | This gene encodes a member of the scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) superfamily. Members of this family are secreted or membrane-anchored proteins mainly found in cells associated with the immune system. This protein is a type-I transmembrane glycoprotein found on the surface of thymocytes, T lymphocytes and a subset of B lymphocytes. The encoded protein contains three SRCR domains and may act as a receptor to regulate T-cell proliferation. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. |
| CD7 | CD7; GP40; TP41; LEU-9; Tp40 | 924 | P09564 | This gene encodes a transmembrane protein which is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily. This protein is found on thymocytes and mature T cells. It plays an essential role in T-cell interactions and also in T-cell/B-cell interaction during early lymphoid development. |
| CD70 | CD70; CD27LG; TNFSF7; TNFSF7G; CD27L | 970 | P32970 | The protein encoded by this gene is a cytokine that belongs to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) ligand family. This cytokine is a ligand for TNFRSF27/CD27. It is a surface antigen on activated, but not on resting, T and B lymphocytes. It induces proliferation of costimulated T cells, enhances the generation of cytolytic T cells, and contributes to T cell activation. This cytokine is also reported to play a role in regulating B-cell activation, cytotoxic function of natural killer cells, and immunoglobulin sythesis. |
| CEACAM5 | CEACAM-5; CD66e; CEA; Meconium antigen 100 | 1048 | P06731 | This gene encodes a cell surface glycoprotein that represents the founding member of the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) family of proteins. The encoded protein is used as a clinical biomarker for gastrointestinal cancers and may promote tumor development through its role as a cell adhesion molecule. Additionally, the encoded protein may regulate differentiation, apoptosis, and cell polarity. This gene is present in a CEA family gene cluster on chromosome 19. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. |
| CLDN18 | Claudin 18; Surfactant Associated Protein J; Surfactant, Pulmonary Associated Protein J; Surfactant Associated 5; Claudin-18; SFTA5; SFTPJ; | 51208 | P56856 | This gene encodes a member of the claudin family. Claudins are integral membrane proteins and components of tight junction strands. Tight junction strands serve as a physical barrier to prevent solutes and water from passing freely through the paracellular space between epithelial or endothelial cell sheets, and also play critical roles in maintaining cell polarity and signal transductions. This gene is upregulated in patients with ulcerative colitis and highly overexpressed in infiltrating ductal adenocarcinomas. PKC/MAPK/AP-1 (protein kinase C/mitogen-activated protein kinase/activator protein-1) dependent pathway regulates the expression of this gene in gastric cells. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified. |
| c-Met | HGFR; AUTS9; RCCP2; c-Met; DFNB97 | 4233 | P08581 | This gene encodes a member of the receptor tyrosine kinase family of proteins and the product of the proto-oncogene MET. The encoded preproprotein is proteolytically processed to generate alpha and beta subunits that are linked via disulfide bonds to form the mature receptor. Further processing of the beta subunit results in the formation of the M10 peptide, which has been shown to reduce lung fibrosis. Binding of its ligand, hepatocyte growth factor, induces dimerization and activation of the receptor, which plays a role in cellular survival, embryogenesis, and cellular migration and invasion. Mutations in this gene are associated with papillary renal cell carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, and various head and neck cancers. Amplification and overexpression of this gene are also associated with multiple human cancers. |
| CTAG1B | CTAG; ESO1; CT6.1; CTAG1; LAGE-2; LAGE2B; NY-ESO-1 | 1485 | P78358 | The protein encoded by this gene is an antigen that is overexpressed in many cancers but that is also expressed in normal testis. This gene is found in a duplicated region of the X chromosome and therefore has a neighboring gene of identical sequence. |
| EGFR | Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor; Receptor Tyrosine-Protein Kinase ErbB-1; Erb-B2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinase 1; Proto-Oncogene C-ErbB-1; EC 2.7.10.1; ERBB1; ERBB; HER1; Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (Avian Erythroblastic Leukemia Viral (V-Erb-B) Oncogene Homolog); Erythroblastic Leukemia Viral (V-Erb-B) Oncogene Homolog (Avian) | 1956 | P00533 | The protein encoded by this gene is a transmembrane glycoprotein that is a member of the protein kinase superfamily. This protein is a receptor for members of the epidermal growth factor family. EGFR is a cell surface protein that binds to epidermal growth factor. Binding of the protein to a ligand induces receptor dimerization and tyrosine autophosphorylation and leads to cell proliferation. Mutations in this gene are associated with lung cancer. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2016] |
| Fap | FAP; FAPalpha; SIMP; Seprase; APCE | 2191 | Q12884 | The protein encoded by this gene is a homodimeric integral membrane gelatinase belonging to the serine protease family. It is selectively expressed in reactive stromal fibroblasts of epithelial cancers, granulation tissue of healing wounds, and malignant cells of bone and soft tissue sarcomas. This protein is thought to be involved in the control of fibroblast growth or epithelial-mesenchymal interactions during development, tissue repair, and epithelial carcinogenesis. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. |
| FOLR1 | FBP; FOLR; FRalpha | 2348 | P15328 | The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the folate receptor family. Members of this gene family bind folic acid and its reduced derivatives, and transport 5-methyltetrahydrofolate into cells. This gene product is a secreted protein that either anchors to membranes via a glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol linkage or exists in a soluble form. Mutations in this gene have been associated with neurodegeneration due to cerebral folate transport deficiency. Due to the presence of two promoters, multiple transcription start sites, and alternative splicing, multiple transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene. |
| FUT3 | CD174; FT3B; FucT-III; LE; Les | 2525 | P21217 | The Lewis histo-blood group system comprises a set of fucosylated glycosphingolipids that are synthesized by exocrine epithelial cells and circulate in body fluids. The glycosphingolipids function in embryogenesis, tissue differentiation, tumor metastasis, inflammation, and bacterial adhesion. They are secondarily absorbed to red blood cells giving rise to their Lewis phenotype. This gene is a member of the fucosyltransferase family, which catalyzes the addition of fucose to precursor polysaccharides in the last step of Lewis antigen biosynthesis. It encodes an enzyme with alpha(1,3)-fucosyltransferase and alpha(1,4)-fucosyltransferase activities. Mutations in this gene are responsible for the majority of Lewis antigen-negative phenotypes. Multiple alternatively spliced variants, encoding the same protein, have been found for this gene. |
| GPC3 | DGSX; GTR2-2; MXR7; OCI-5; SDYS; SGB; SGBS; SGBS1 | 2719 | P51654 | Cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans are composed of a membrane-associated protein core substituted with a variable number of heparan sulfate chains. Members of the glypican-related integral membrane proteoglycan family (GRIPS) contain a core protein anchored to the cytoplasmic membrane via a glycosyl phosphatidylinositol linkage. These proteins may play a role in the control of cell division and growth regulation. The protein encoded by this gene can bind to and inhibit the dipeptidyl peptidase activity of CD26, and it can induce apoptosis in certain cell types. Deletion mutations in this gene are associated with Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome, also known as Simpson dysmorphia syndrome. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. References: Fu Ying,Urban Daniel J,Nani Roger R et al. Glypican-3-Specific Antibody Drug Conjugates Targeting Hepatocellular Carcinoma..Hepatology, 2019, 70: 563-576. Zhang Yi-Fan,Ho Mitchell,Humanization of high-affinity antibodies targeting glypican-3 in hepatocellular carcinoma. |
| HER2 | NEU; NGL; HER2; TKR1; CD340; HER-2; MLN 19; HER-2/neu | 2064 | P04626 | This gene encodes a member of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor family of receptor tyrosine kinases. This protein has no ligand binding domain of its own and therefore cannot bind growth factors. However, it does bind tightly to other ligand-bound EGF receptor family members to form a heterodimer, stabilizing ligand binding and enhancing kinase-mediated activation of downstream signalling pathways, such as those involving mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase. Allelic variations at amino acid positions 654 and 655 of isoform a (positions 624 and 625 of isoform b) have been reported, with the most common allele, Ile654/Ile655, shown here. Amplification and/or overexpression of this gene has been reported in numerous cancers, including breast and ovarian tumors. Alternative splicing results in several additional transcript variants, some encoding different isoforms and others that have not been fully characterized. |
| IGK | IGK; RBPSUH; IGK@; RBPJ; IGKJRB1; Immunoglobulin Kappa Locus | 50802 | ||
| IL1RAP | IL1R3; C3orf13; IL-1RAcP; IL1RAP; interleukin 1 receptor accessory protein | 3556 | A8K6K4 | Interleukin 1 induces synthesis of acute phase and proinflammatory proteins during infection, tissue damage, or stress, by forming a complex at the cell membrane with an interleukin 1 receptor and an accessory protein. This gene encodes the interleukin 1 receptor accessory protein. The protein is a necessary part of the interleukin 1 receptor complex which initiates signalling events that result in the activation of interleukin 1-responsive genes. Alternative splicing of this gene results in two transcript variants encoding two different isoforms, one membrane-bound and one soluble. The ratio of soluble to membrane-bound forms increases during acute-phase induction or stress. |
| L1CAM | CAML1; CD171; HSAS; HSAS1; MASA; MIC5; N-CAM-L1; N-CAML1; NCAM-L1; S10; SPG1 | 3897 | P32004 | The L1CAM gene, which is located in Xq28, is involved in three distinct conditions: 1) HSAS (hydrocephalus-stenosis of the aqueduct of Sylvius); 2) MASA (mental retardation, aphasia, shuffling gait, adductus thumbs); and 3) SPG1 (spastic paraplegia). The L1, neural cell adhesion molecule (L1CAM) also plays an important role in axon growth, fasciculation, neural migration and in mediating neuronal differentiation. |
| NCAM1 | Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule 1; NCAM; Antigen Recognized By Monoclonal Antibody 5.1H11; Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule, NCAM; CD56 Antigen; N-CAM-1; NCAM-1; MSK39; CD56 | 4684 | P13591 | This gene encodes a cell adhesion protein which is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily. The encoded protein is involved in cell-to-cell interactions as well as cell-matrix interactions during development and differentiation. The encoded protein has been shown to be involved in development of the nervous system, and for cells involved in the expansion of T cells and dendritic cells which play an important role in immune surveillance. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2011] |
| NCAM2 | Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule 2; N-CAM-2; NCAM-2; NCAM21 | 4685 | O15394 | The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily. It is a type I membrane protein and may function in selective fasciculation and zone-to-zone projection of the primary olfactory axons. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008] |
| PDL1 | B7-H; B7H1; PDL1; PD-L1; PDCD1L1; PDCD1LG1 | 29126 | Q9NZQ7 | This gene encodes an immune inhibitory receptor ligand that is expressed by hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells, such as T cells and B cells and various types of tumor cells. The encoded protein is a type I transmembrane protein that has immunoglobulin V-like and C-like domains. Interaction of this ligand with its receptor inhibits T-cell activation and cytokine production. During infection or inflammation of normal tissue, this interaction is important for preventing autoimmunity by maintaining homeostasis of the immune response. In tumor microenvironments, this interaction provides an immune escape for tumor cells through cytotoxic T-cell inactivation. Expression of this gene in tumor cells is considered to be prognostic in many types of human malignancies, including colon cancer and renal cell carcinoma. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. |
| PSCA | PSCA; UNQ206; PRO232 | 8000 | O43653 | This gene encodes a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored cell membrane glycoprotein. In addition to being highly expressed in the prostate it is also expressed in the bladder, placenta, colon, kidney, and stomach. This gene is up-regulated in a large proportion of prostate cancers and is also detected in cancers of the bladder and pancreas. This gene includes a polymorphism that results in an upstream start codon in some individuals; this polymorphism is thought to be associated with a risk for certain gastric and bladder cancers. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. |
| PSMA | Prostate-specific membrane antigen; PSMA | 2346 | Q04609 | The new prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) PET imaging will significantly improve the detection and treatment of prostate cancer. The FDA approved the drug for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of PSMA-positive lesions in men with prostate cancer. 68Ga-PSMA-11 is a radioactive imaging agent that binds to prostate cancer cells to help locate prostate cancer cells. |
| ROR1 | ROR1; NTRKR1 | 4919 | Q01973 | This gene encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor that modulates neurite growth in the central nervous system. The encoded protein is a glycosylated type I membrane protein that belongs to the ROR subfamily of cell surface receptors. It is a pseudokinase that lacks catalytic activity and may interact with the non-canonical Wnt signalling pathway. This gene is highly expressed during early embryonic development but expressed at very low levels in adult tissues. Increased expression of this gene is associated with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. |
| SDC1 | Syndecan 1; Syndecan Proteoglycan 1; CD138 Antigen; SYND1; SDC; Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycan Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor; Syndecan-1; Syndecan; CD138 | 6382 | P18827 | The protein encoded by this gene is a transmembrane (type I) heparan sulfate proteoglycan and is a member of the syndecan proteoglycan family. The syndecans mediate cell binding, cell signaling, and cytoskeletal organization and syndecan receptors are required for internalization of the HIV-1 tat protein. The syndecan-1 protein functions as an integral membrane protein and participates in cell proliferation, cell migration and cell-matrix interactions via its receptor for extracellular matrix proteins. Altered syndecan-1 expression has been detected in several different tumor types. While several transcript variants may exist for this gene, the full-length natures of only two have been described to date. These two represent the major variants of this gene and encode the same protein. |
| ULBP1 | N2DL-1; RAET1I; NKG2DL1 | 80329 | Q9BZM6 | The protein encoded by this gene is a ligand of natural killer group 2, member D (NKG2D), an immune system-activating receptor on NK cells and T-cells. Binding of the encoded ligand to NKG2D leads to activation of several signal transduction pathways, including those of JAK2, STAT5, ERK and PI3K kinase/Akt. Also, in cytomegalovirus-infected cells, this ligand binds the UL16 glycoprotein and is prevented from activating the immune system. Three transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. |
| ULBP2 | ULBP2; UL16 binding protein 2; N2DL2; RAET1H; NKG2DL2; ALCAN-alpha | 80328 | Q9BZM5 | This gene encodes a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-related molecule that binds to the NKG2D receptor on natural killer (NK) cells to trigger release of multiple cytokines and chemokines that in turn contribute to the recruitment and activation of NK cells. The encoded protein undergoes further processing to generate the mature protein that is either anchored to membrane via a glycosylphosphatidylinositol moiety, or secreted. Many malignant cells secrete the encoded protein to evade immunosurveillance by NK cells. This gene is located in a cluster of multiple MHC class I-related genes on chromosome 6. |
| VEGFR2 | CD309; FLK1; VEGFR; VEGFR2 | 3791 | A0A024RD88 | Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a major growth factor for endothelial cells. This gene encodes one of the two receptors of the VEGF. This receptor, known as kinase insert domain receptor, is a type III receptor tyrosine kinase. It functions as the main mediator of VEGF-induced endothelial proliferation, survival, migration, tubular morphogenesis and sprouting. The signalling and trafficking of this receptor are regulated by multiple factors, including Rab GTPase, P2Y purine nucleotide receptor, integrin alphaVbeta3, T-cell protein tyrosine phosphatase, etc.. Mutations of this gene are implicated in infantile capillary hemangiomas. |
Tested Data-Supported Products for CAR-T Cell Therapy Targets
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Reference
- Van Cutsem, Eric, et al. "Gastric cancer." The Lancet 388.10060 (2016): 2654-2664.
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