Research Area

RHO GTPases

Representative Targets in Rho GTPase Family Full List of Targets in Rho GTPase Family Tested Data-Supported Products for Targeting RHO GTPases

RHO GTPases, members of the RAS superfamily of small GTP-binding proteins, have emerged as pivotal regulators of a wide range of cellular processes essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis and function. These proteins, which include key members such as RhoA, Rac1, and Cdc42, act as molecular switches cycling between an active GTP-bound state and an inactive GDP-bound state, thereby controlling cellular dynamics and architecture. They are critically involved in the regulation of actin cytoskeleton organization, cell polarity, vesicle trafficking, cell cycle progression, and gene expression. Through these fundamental roles, RHO GTPases influence crucial cellular behaviors such as migration, adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation, which are vital for tissue development, immune responses, and wound healing. Importantly, the precise regulation of RHO GTPase activity is crucial for cellular function, as their dysregulation has been implicated in a myriad of diseases. Aberrant RHO GTPase signaling pathways have been linked to various pathologies, including cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and cardiovascular disorders. In the context of cancer, for example, the altered regulation of RHO GTPases can promote tumor growth, metastasis, and resistance to therapy by modulating the actin cytoskeleton, thereby facilitating cancer cell invasion and dissemination. Similarly, in neurodegenerative diseases, the deregulation of RHO GTPase-mediated pathways can affect neuronal morphology and function, leading to synaptic dysfunction and neuronal loss. Furthermore, their involvement in vascular function and development positions RHO GTPases as key contributors to cardiovascular diseases, where their dysregulation may lead to vascular dysfunction and atherosclerosis.

Figure 1 Synthesis, post-translational modifications and typical mechanisms of action of RHO GTPases. (Masri, 2021)

Representative Targets in Rho GTPase Family

RHOA

Ras homolog family member A (RHOA) is a small GTPase protein acting as a molecular switch within cells. It belongs to the RHO family, a part of the Ras superfamily of GTPases, and is involved in regulating the dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton, cell morphology, and motility. RHOA's function is pivotal in processes such as cell division, migration, and adhesion, which are essential for the proper development, wound healing, and immune responses. Through its influence on the actin cytoskeleton, RHOA affects the formation of stress fibers, cell contractility, and the establishment of cell polarity. Moreover, RHOA is involved in the regulation of gene expression, cell cycle progression, and apoptosis, highlighting its diverse roles in cellular signaling pathways. aberrant RHOA signaling has been implicated in a variety of pathologies, including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and neurological disorders. Its dysregulation can lead to altered cell proliferation, evasion of apoptosis, increased metastatic potential in cancer cells, and abnormal vessel formation in cardiovascular diseases.

Figure 5 Mouse Anti-JUN Recombinant Antibody (ZG-0294F) in IF

Figure 2 Rabbit Anti-RHOA Antibody (ZG-0105U) in IHC. IHC image of ZG-0105U diluted at 1:100 and staining in paraffin-embedded human lung cancer performed on a Leica Bond™ system. After dewaxing and hydration, antigen retrieval was mediated by high pressure in a citrate buffer (pH 6.0). Section was blocked with 10% normal goat serum 30min at RT. Then primary antibody (1% BSA) was incubated at 4°C overnight. The primary is detected by a Goat anti-rabbit IgG polymer labeled by HRP and visualized using 0.05% DAB.

Figure 6 Rabbit Anti-JUN Antibody (ZG-0782J) in IHC

Figure 3 Rabbit Anti-RHOA Antibody (ZG-0547U) in WB. Positive WB detected in: SH-SY5Y whole cell lysate. All lanes: Rho antibody at 1:1500. Secondary antibody: Goat polyclonal to rabbit IgG at 1/50000 dilution. Predicted band size: 22 kDa. Observed band size: 22 kDa.

CDC42

CDC42 (Cell Division Cycle 42), a member of the RHO GTPase family, acts as a molecular switch, cycling between an active GTP-bound state and an inactive GDP-bound state, thereby controlling various signal transduction pathways that influence cell morphology, motility, cell cycle progression, and cell division. CDC42's role is particularly crucial in the formation of filopodia, small cellular protrusions that are essential for cell migration, signaling, and the establishment of cell polarity. Through its interaction with a diverse array of downstream effectors, CDC42 orchestrates the spatial and temporal coordination of cytoskeleton remodeling, which is vital for processes such as wound healing, immune responses, and embryonic development. Moreover, the dysregulation of CDC42 signaling pathways has been implicated in the progression of several diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and disorders of the immune system. In cancer, for example, aberrant activation of CDC42 has been linked to tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis, highlighting its role in cancer cell survival and dissemination. In neurodegenerative diseases, CDC42's involvement in neuronal function and plasticity makes it a critical factor in the development and progression of conditions such as Alzheimer's disease.

Figure 4 Rabbit Anti-CDC42 Antibody (ZG-0101U) in IHC. IHC image of ZG-0101U diluted at 1:100 and staining in paraffin-embedded human pancreatic cancer performed on a Leica Bond™ system. After dewaxing and hydration, antigen retrieval was mediated by high pressure in a citrate buffer (pH 6.0). Section was blocked with 10% normal goat serum 30min at RT. Then primary antibody (1% BSA) was incubated at 4°C overnight. The primary is detected by a Goat anti-rabbit IgG polymer labeled by HRP and visualized using 0.05% DAB.

Figure 5 Recombinant Rabbit Anti-CDC42 Antibody (clone R01-1C7) in WB. Western blot analysis of CDC42 in C6, Hela lysates using CDC42 Antibody.

RAC3

RAC3 (Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 3) is an integral member of the RHO family of GTPases. As a molecular switch, RAC3 cycles between an active GTP-bound state and an inactive GDP-bound state, thereby regulating the actin cytoskeleton dynamics essential for cell motility, adhesion, and morphology. RAC3 shares high structural and functional homology with its closely related counterparts, RAC1 and RAC2, but it is distinguished by its unique expression patterns and specific roles in different cell types and tissues. RAC3 plays pivotal roles in the modulation of cell signaling pathways that influence the activation of NADPH oxidase, the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the activation of transcription factors, which collectively contribute to the regulation of cell growth, differentiation, and survival. The dysregulation of RAC3 activity has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various diseases, including cancer, where it can promote tumor growth, angiogenesis, metastasis, and resistance to apoptosis. Inflammatory and autoimmune diseases also exhibit alterations in RAC3 signaling, affecting immune cell migration and activation. Furthermore, RAC3's involvement in the regulation of neuronal signaling and plasticity underscores its potential impact on neurodegenerative diseases.

Figure 6 Recombinant Rabbit Anti-RAC3 Antibody (clone R01-6I8) in WB. Western Blot analysis of RAC3 in rat brain lysate K562 using Rac3 Antibody.

Full List of Targets in Rho GTPase Family

Biomarker	Alternative Names	Gene ID	UniProt ID	Roles
CDC42	Cell Division Cycle 42; GTP Binding Protein, 25kDa; G25K GTP-Binding Protein; DJ224A6.1.1 (Cell Division Cycle 42 (GTP-Binding Protein, 25kD)); DJ224A6.1.2 (Cell Division Cycle 42 (GTP-Binding Protein, 25kD)); Cell Division Cycle 42 (GTP Binding Protein, 25kDa); Cell Division Cycle 42 (GTP-Binding Protein, 25kD)	998	P60953	CDC42 (Cell Division Cycle 42) is a Protein Coding gene. Diseases associated with CDC42 include Takenouchi-Kosaki Syndrome and Temperature-Sensitive Lethal Mutation. Among its related pathways are Development EGFR signaling via small GTPases and RANK Signaling in Osteoclasts. Gene Ontology (GO) annotations related to this gene include identical protein binding and protein kinase binding. An important paralog of this gene is RAC1.
RAC1	MIG5; MRD48; Rac-1; TC-25; p21-Rac1	5879	P63000	The protein encoded by this gene is a GTPase which belongs to the RAS superfamily of small GTP-binding proteins. Members of this superfamily appear to regulate a diverse array of cellular events, including the control of cell growth, cytoskeletal reorganization, and the activation of protein kinases. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.
RAC2	RAC2; P21-Rac2; HSPC022; Ras-Related C3 Botulinum Toxin Substrate 3 (Rho Family, Small GTP-Binding Protein Rac2); Small G Protein; Gx; Ras-Related C3 Botulinum Toxin Substrate 2; EN-7; Ras-Related C3 Botulinum Toxin Substrate 2 (Rho Family, Small GTP Bind	5880	P15153	This gene encodes a member of the Ras superfamily of small guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-metabolizing proteins. The encoded protein localizes to the plasma membrane, where it regulates diverse processes, such as secretion, phagocytosis, and cell polarization. Activity of this protein is also involved in the generation of reactive oxygen species. Mutations in this gene are associated with neutrophil immunodeficiency syndrome. There is a pseudogene for this gene on chromosome 6.
RAC3	Rac Family Small GTPase 3; Ras-Related C3 Botulinum Toxin Substrate 3 (Rho Family, Small GTP Binding Protein Rac3); P21-Rac3; Ras-Related C3 Botulinum Toxin Substrate 3; Rho Family, Small GTP Binding Protein Rac3	5881	P60763	The protein encoded by this gene is a GTPase which belongs to the RAS superfamily of small GTP-binding proteins. Members of this superfamily appear to regulate a diverse array of cellular events, including the control of cell growth, cytoskeletal reorganization, and the activation of protein kinases. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2015]
RHOA	ARHA; ARH12; RHO12; EDFAOB; RHOH12	387	P61586	This gene encodes a member of the Rho family of small GTPases, which cycle between inactive GDP-bound and active GTP-bound states and function as molecular switches in signal transduction cascades. Rho proteins promote reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and regulate cell shape, attachment, and motility. Overexpression of this gene is associated with tumor cell proliferation and metastasis. Multiple alternatively spliced variants have been identified.
RHOB	RHOB; ras homolog family member B; ARH6; ARHB; RHOH6; MST081; MSTP081; rho-related GTP-binding protein RhoB; h6; oncogene RHO H6; rho cDNA clone 6; Aplysia RAS-related homolog 6; ras homolog gene family, member B	388	P62745	The anti-RHOB antibody which recgonizes PHOB plays a negative role in tumorigenesis, can be used for cancer treatment.
RHOC	RHOC; Oncogene RHO H9; Ras Homolog Family Member C; RhoC GTPase; H9; Rho CDNA Clone 9; Ras Homolog Gene Family, Member C; ARH9; RAS-Related Homolog 9; ARHC; Rho-Related GTP-Binding Protein RhoC; RHOH9; Small GTP Binding Protein RhoC	389	P08134	This gene encodes a member of the Rho family of small GTPases, which cycle between inactive GDP-bound and active GTP-bound states and function as molecular switches in signal transduction cascades. Rho proteins promote reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and regulate cell shape, attachment, and motility. The protein encoded by this gene is prenylated at its C-terminus, and localizes to the cytoplasm and plasma membrane. It is thought to be important in cell locomotion. Overexpression of this gene is associated with tumor cell proliferation and metastasis. Multiple alternatively spliced variants, encoding the same protein, have been identified.

Tested Data-Supported Products for Targeting RHO GTPases

CAT	Product Name	Biomarker	Assay	Image
ZG-0101U	Rabbit Anti-CDC42 Recombinant Antibody (clone 3C3)	CDC42	WB
ZG-0105U	Rabbit Anti-RHOA Recombinant Antibody (clone 3G7)	RHOA	IHC
ZG-0547U	Rabbit Anti-RHOA Recombinant Antibody (clone 1C11)	RHOA	WB
VS3-FY331	Recombinant Rabbit Anti-CDC42 Antibody (clone R01-1C7)	CDC42	WB
VS3-FY1238	Recombinant Rabbit Anti-RAC3 Antibody (clone R01-6I8)	RAC3	WB

Reference

El Masri, Rana, and Jérôme Delon. "RHO GTPases: from new partners to complex immune syndromes." Nature Reviews Immunology 21.8 (2021): 499-513.

For research use only. Not intended for any clinical use.

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