Rabbit Anti-HMGB1 Recombinant Antibody (VS3-CJ537) (CAT#: VS3-CJ537)

• Immunogen
• Recombinant protein

• Host Species
• Rabbit

• Type
• Rabbit IgG

• Specificity
• Human, Mouse, Rat HMGB1

• Species Reactivity
• Human, Mouse, Rat

• Applications
• WB, ICC, IF, IHC, FC

• Conjugate
• Unconjugated

• Purification
• Protein A affinity purified

• Purity
• >95% as determined by SDS-PAGE

• Format
• Liquid

• Buffer
• 40% Glycerol, 1% BSA, TBS, pH7.4.

• Preservative
• 0.05% Sodium Azide

• Storage
• Store at 4°C for short term. Aliquot and store at -20°C for long term. Avoid repeated freeze/thaw cycles.

• Application Notes
• This antibody has been tested for use in Western Blot, Immunocytochemistry, Immunofluorescence, Immunohistochemistry, Flow Cytometry.

• Alternative Names
• HMG1; HMG3; HMG-1; SBP-1

• Gene ID
• 3146

• UniProt ID
• P09429

• Sequence Similarities
• Belongs to the HMGB family.

• Cellular Localization
• Cell membrane, Chromosome, Cytoplasm, Endoplasmic reticulum, Endosome, Membrane, Nucleus, Secreted

• Post Translation Modifications
• Phosphorylated at serine residues. Phosphorylation in both NLS regions is required for cytoplasmic translocation followed by secretion (PubMed:17114460).
  Acetylated on multiple sites upon stimulation with LPS (PubMed:22801494).
  Acetylation on lysine residues in the nuclear localization signals (NLS 1 and NLS 2) leads to cytoplasmic localization and subsequent secretion (By similarity).
  Acetylation on Lys-3 results in preferential binding to DNA ends and impairs DNA bending activity (By similarity).
  Reduction/oxidation of cysteine residues Cys-23, Cys-45 and Cys-106 and a possible intramolecular disulfide bond involving Cys-23 and Cys-45 give rise to different redox forms with specific functional activities in various cellular compartments: 1- fully reduced HMGB1 (HMGB1C23hC45hC106h), 2- disulfide HMGB1 (HMGB1C23-C45C106h) and 3- sulfonyl HMGB1 (HMGB1C23soC45soC106so).
  Poly-ADP-ribosylated by PARP1 when secreted following stimulation with LPS (By similarity).
  In vitro cleavage by CASP1 is liberating a HMG box 1-containing peptide which may mediate immunogenic activity; the peptide antagonizes apoptosis-induced immune tolerance (PubMed:24474694).
  Can be proteolytically cleaved by a thrombin:thrombomodulin complex; reduces binding to heparin and pro-inflammatory activities (By similarity).
  Forms covalent cross-links mediated by transglutaminase TGM2, between a glutamine and the epsilon-amino group of a lysine residue, forming homopolymers and heteropolymers.

• Protein Refseq
• NP_001300821.1; NP_001300822.1; NP_002119.1

• Function
• Multifunctional redox sensitive protein with various roles in different cellular compartments. In the nucleus is one of the major chromatin-associated non-histone proteins and acts as a DNA chaperone involved in replication, transcription, chromatin remodeling, V(D)J recombination, DNA repair and genome stability (PubMed:33147444).
  Proposed to be an universal biosensor for nucleic acids. Promotes host inflammatory response to sterile and infectious signals and is involved in the coordination and integration of innate and adaptive immune responses. In the cytoplasm functions as sensor and/or chaperone for immunogenic nucleic acids implicating the activation of TLR9-mediated immune responses, and mediates autophagy. Acts as danger associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecule that amplifies immune responses during tissue injury (PubMed:27362237).
  Released to the extracellular environment can bind DNA, nucleosomes, IL-1 beta, CXCL12, AGER isoform 2/sRAGE, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA), and activates cells through engagement of multiple surface receptors. In the extracellular compartment fully reduced HMGB1 (released by necrosis) acts as a chemokine, disulfide HMGB1 (actively secreted) as a cytokine, and sulfonyl HMGB1 (released from apoptotic cells) promotes immunological tolerance (PubMed:23519706, PubMed:23446148, PubMed:23994764, PubMed:25048472).
  Has proangiogdenic activity (By similarity).
  May be involved in platelet activation (By similarity).
  Binds to phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamide (By similarity).
  Bound to RAGE mediates signaling for neuronal outgrowth (By similarity).
  May play a role in accumulation of expanded polyglutamine (polyQ) proteins such as huntingtin (HTT) or TBP (PubMed:23303669, PubMed:25549101).

Isotype Control

• MOB-208CQ
• Rabbit IgG Isotype Control Antibody

Secondary Antibody

• 2ND-057CQ
• Donkey Anti-Rabbit IgG (H&L) Antibody

• 2ND-059CQ
• Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG (H&L) Antibody