HPV

The German virologist Haraldzur Hausen discovered the human papillomavirus (HPV) in 1974 and first proposed a close relationship between cervical cancer and HPV infection. He cloned HPV 16 and HPV 18 from cervical cancer patients and later confirmed that about 50% of CINIII patients and 70% of cervical cancer patients in the world carry these two viruses, after decades of exploration and Studies have confirmed that HPV infection is a necessary factor for cervical cancer and precancerous lesions. At present, more than 40 common HPV subtypes can cause harm to human health. However, HPV infection does not mean that cervical cancer will occur. Only high-risk human papillomavirus {HPV} persistent infection is the main cause of cervical cancer and cervical precancerous lesions. Among them, the most common high-risk human papillomavirus is HPV16, 18, 31, 52, 585. The proportion of different types of cervical cancer is different. The probability of female-infected high-risk HPV is as high as 80%. More than 90% of HPV can be cleared by the patient's own immune system, but some women can cause persistent infections due to the inability to clear, and even multiple types of cross-infection, eventually leading to precancerous lesions of the cervix and cervical cancer.
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a genus of papillomavirus, a non-enveloped icosahedron, composed of a DNA core protein capsid. It has a diameter of about 45-55 nm and contains 72 shell particles. The genome is a covalently closed small double-stranded DNA containing 8000 base pairs (bp), which is divided into three functional regions, namely, an early transcribed region, a late transcribed region, and a non-transcribed region (control region). The early transcribed region, also known as the E region, consists of 4,500 base pairs and is involved in viral DNA replication, transcription, translational regulation, and cell transformation. Among them, E6 and E7 are mainly related to viral cell transformation function and carcinogenicity.
The late transcribed region, also known as the L region, consists of 2,500 base pairs, encoding two capsid proteins, the capsid protein LI and the capsid protein L2, which constitute the capsid of the virus and are involved in the proliferation of the virus, Ll sugar The protein structure is conserved with specific antigenicity. It is self-assembled into virus-like particles (VLP) in eukaryotic cells, which promotes the maturation of virus particles. L2 is a nuclear protein, which is a polymorphism of HPV antigen and functions as a histone. The non-transcribed region, also known as the upstream regulatory region, non-coding region or long regulatory region, consists of 1 000 base pairs, which contains the origin of replication of HPV genomic DNA and regulatory elements necessary for HPV gene expression to regulate the virus. Transcription and replication.
In recent years, the incidence and mortality of cervical cancer in developing countries has increased year by year, and the age of patients has become younger, causing great harm to society and families. According to the World Health Organization, more than 400,000 people suffer from cervical cancer every year, and more than 3/4 of them are in developing countries. About 30,000 women die of cervical cancer every year. Studies have shown that HPV infection during pregnancy can not only be transmitted directly through the birth canal, but also through the vertical transmission of umbilical cord, blood, amniotic fluid and placenta and breast-feeding, so it is necessary to take active measures to control high-risk HPV infection to prevent cervical Progression and malignancy of the lesion and vertical transmission of HPV.