endotoxin

Endotoxin, also known as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipopolysaccharides, is found in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria. The toxic activity of Endotoxin was first discovered by Richard Friedrich Johannes Pfeiffer and was named "Endotoxin". Endotoxin is the main component of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria, plays a major role in the structural integrity of the bacteria, and protects the membrane from certain chemical attacks. Endotoxin also increases the negative charge of the cell membrane and helps stabilize the entire membrane structure. For many gram-negative bacteria, it is crucial, if it is mutated or removed, they will die. Endotoxin acts as a prototype endotoxin because it binds the CD14/TLR4/MD2 receptor complex in many cell types, but it promotes pro-inflammatory in particular in monocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells. Cytokines, secretion of nitric oxide and eicosanoids. Recently, a newly published study found that Endotoxin can be directly sensed by hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) through binding to TLR4, causing them to proliferate in response to systemic infections. This reaction activates TLR4-TRIF-ROS-p38 signaling within the HSCs and can induce proliferative stress through sustained TLR4 activation, resulting in impaired competitive repopulation. Edobacomab is a mouse monoclonal antibody that has been studied as a possible treatment for sepsis caused by gram-negative bacterial infection.