NLRP3

Cancer-related genes, Disease related genes, Human disease related genes

Intracellular

Cell type enriched (Macrophages)

Immune cell enhanced (basophil)

Cell line enriched (THP-1)

Sensor component of NLRP3 inflammasomes. Inflammasomes are supramolecular complexes that assemble in the cytosol in response to pathogens and other damage-associated signals and play critical roles in innate immunity and inflammation. The core of NLRP3 inflammasomes consists of a signal sensor component (NLRP3), an adapter (ASC/PYCARD), which recruits an effector pro-inflammatory caspase (CASP1 and, possibly, CASP4 and CASP5). Within the complex, NLRP3 and PYCARD interact via their respective DAPIN/pyrin domains. This interaction initiates speck formation (nucleation) which greatly enhances further addition of soluble PYCARD molecules to the speck in a prion-like polymerization process (PubMed:24630722). NLRP3 localizes at the end of each PYCARD filament (PubMed:24630722). Clustered PYCARD nucleates the formation of CASP1 filaments through the interaction of their respective CARD domains, acting as a platform for CASP1 polymerization (PubMed:24630722). CASP1 filament formation increases local enzyme concentration, resulting in trans-autocleavage and activation. Active CASP1 then processes IL1B and IL18 precursors, leading to the release of mature cytokines in the extracellular milieu and inflammatory response. Reconstituted ternary inflammasomes show star-shaped structures, in which multiple filaments, containing CASP1, protrude radially from a single central hub, containing the sensor protein and PYCARD (PubMed:24630722). In this complex, the sensor protein is sub-stoichiometric to PYCARD, and PYCARD is further substoichiometric to CASP1, suggesting amplifications of signal transduction from the sensor, via the adapter, to the effector (PubMed:24630722). Interacts with MEFV; this interaction targets NLRP3 to degradation by autophagy, hence preventing excessive IL1B- and IL18-mediated inflammation (PubMed:17431422) (PubMed:26347139). Interacts with GBP5 (via DAPIN domain); this interaction promotes inflammasome assembly in response to microbial and soluble, but not crystalline, agents (PubMed:22461501). Interacts with EIF2AK2/PKR; this interaction requires EIF2AK2 activity, is accompanied by EIF2AK2 autophosphorylation and promotes inflammasome assembly in response to specific stimuli (PubMed:22801494). Interacts with PML (isoform PML-1) (via the leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain); PML-mediated increase in NLRP3 inflammasome activation does not depend upon this interaction (PubMed:23430110). Directly interacts with IRF4 (via the LRR domain); this interaction is required for optimal IRF4 binding to IL4 promoter and efficient IL4 transactivation during differentiation of Th2 helper T-cells (By similarity). Interacts (via NACHT domain) with DHX33 (via DEAH box) (PubMed:23871209). Interacts with PYDC5 (PubMed:24531343). Interacts (via NACHT domain) with DDX3X under both LPS-primed and inflammasome-activating conditions (By similarity) Interacts (via NACHT and LRR domains) with ARRB2; this interaction is direct and inducible by polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) (PubMed:23809162). Interacts with CARD8; leading to inhibit formation of the NLRP3 inflammasome (PubMed:24517500). Interacts (via LRR repeat domain) with NEK7 (via N-terminus); the interaction is required for the formation of the complex NLRP3:PYCARD, oligomerization of PYCARD and activation of CASP1 (By similarity). (Microbial infection) Interacts with SARS coronavirus-2/SARS-CoV-2 N protein; the interaction is direct and promotes the binding of NLRP3 with PYCARD and facilitates NLRP3 inflammasome assembly.

Activator