CD59 & CD38

CD38 is a transmembrane glycoprotein with enzymatic activity involved in calcium signaling and immune regulation. It is widely expressed on plasma cells, activated T and B cells, and certain myeloid cells. CD38 functions as an ectoenzyme, catalyzing the conversion of NAD+ to cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR), which regulates intracellular calcium homeostasis. CD38 is an important marker for multiple myeloma, where it is highly expressed on malignant plasma cells. Anti-CD38 monoclonal antibodies, such as daratumumab, are used as targeted therapies for multiple myeloma by inducing antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). Beyond cancer, CD38 also plays a role in immune responses, metabolism, and aging-related disorders.

CD59 encodes a glycoprotein that inhibits complement-mediated cell lysis. It prevents the formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC) by binding to the C8 and C9 components of the complement system. CD59 plays an important role in protecting host cells from complement-mediated damage and is involved in maintaining immune homeostasis. Mutations in CD59 can lead to increased susceptibility to infections and hemolysis.